碳纖維的加固應用

　　到目(mu)前(qian)為(wei)止，碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)片材在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)凝土結構(gou)受(shou)彎(wan)構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)彎(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)、受(shou)剪加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)和(he)柱的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗震(zhen)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)中研究和(he)應(ying)(ying)用最多，相應(ying)(ying)計算理論也較(jiao)為(wei)成(cheng)熟。在(zai)(zai)(zai)受(shou)彎(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)(shi)(shi)碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與受(shou)拉區的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉應(ying)(ying)力(li)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)致，在(zai)(zai)(zai)受(shou)剪加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)(shi)(shi)碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與混(hun)凝土中主拉應(ying)(ying)力(li)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)致，但為(wei)了施工方(fang)便，可采(cai)用纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)與構(gou)件縱軸垂直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法進行(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)，抗震(zhen)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)時，應(ying)(ying)使(shi)(shi)(shi)碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)布封閉纏(chan)繞在(zai)(zai)(zai)柱上，可以(yi)較(jiao)好地提高(gao)抗震(zhen)性能，除此(ci)以(yi)外(wai)，碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)也可沿構(gou)件軸向(xiang)(xiang)粘(zhan)貼(tie)用于(yu)受(shou)拉構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)、沿環向(xiang)(xiang)粘(zhan)貼(tie)用于(yu)軸心受(shou)壓構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)受(shou)彎(wan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)時，也可采(cai)用對碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)施加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)預應(ying)(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法以(yi)提高(gao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)效果(guo)，碳纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)也可用于(yu)剪力(li)墻，以(yi)及殼體、筒倉、煙囪等特種(zhong)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)，這些加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)方(fang)法經研究表明是有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

　　土木工程中的應用

　　將短切碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)加(jia)入新(xin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)，制成(cheng)(cheng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)結構(gou)(gou)已有一定的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，將碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)長絲制成(cheng)(cheng)棒材(cai)，在新(xin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)代替鋼筋用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)建(jian)結構(gou)(gou)，主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)海洋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結構(gou)(gou)及需(xu)電磁波透過的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結構(gou)(gou)，將碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)束狀(zhuang)或(huo)繩狀(zhuang)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大型土(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)拉索(suo)或(huo)懸索(suo)結構(gou)(gou)，該方面(mian)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在錨具連接(jie)上尚未能很好地(di)解決，仍(reng)有一定的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在新(xin)建(jian)結構(gou)(gou)中(zhong)與混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)一起做成(cheng)(cheng)預制混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)板(ban)或(huo)大跨梁、架等，具有強度(du)高，質(zhi)量(liang)輕和耐(nai)(nai)腐蝕及耐(nai)(nai)久(jiu)性等優點，已有部分工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)種公路(lu)路(lu)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，可以(yi)極大地(di)提高公路(lu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)及耐(nai)(nai)久(jiu)性，已有較多(duo)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實例，將碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)做成(cheng)(cheng)布織物或(huo)織物，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)結構(gou)(gou)加(jia)固修補(bu)，有大量(liang)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，其(qi)技術(shu)已基本成(cheng)(cheng)熟。

　　國內應用

　　碳纖維(wei)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)修補(bu)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)結(jie)構(gou)技(ji)術(shu)在我國(guo)(guo)起(qi)步(bu)較(jiao)晚，但最(zui)(zui)近幾年系統(tong)的(de)(de)對碳纖維(wei)用(yong)于加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)修補(bu)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)結(jie)構(gou)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)也呈現不斷發展的(de)(de)趨勢，最(zui)(zui)初僅有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)(gong)業建筑(zhu)診斷與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術(shu)研究(jiu)中心(xin)一(yi)個(ge)單位(wei)，相繼有(you)(you)清華大(da)學(xue)(xue)、同(tong)濟大(da)學(xue)(xue)、天津大(da)學(xue)(xue)、東南(nan)大(da)學(xue)(xue)、大(da)連理工(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)學(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)十(shi)余(yu)家高等(deng)(deng)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)和(he)(he)科研設計(ji)單位(wei)嘗(chang)試地(di)進(jin)行(xing)過國(guo)(guo)產和(he)(he)進(jin)口碳纖維(wei)織物加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)主要包括板(ban)、梁、柱(zhu)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)模型實驗(yan)、加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)性(xing)能評價等(deng)(deng)方面的(de)(de)研究(jiu)，已(yi)經(jing)取(qu)得(de)(de)了實質性(xing)成果，并在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業與(yu)民(min)用(yong)建筑(zhu)、橋梁與(yu)隧道以及(ji)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中得(de)(de)到具體的(de)(de)應用(yong)，收到了良好的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，現在部分單位(wei)著手從事(shi)纖維(wei)增強(qiang)材(cai)料(liao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)結(jie)構(gou)規范的(de)(de)研究(jiu)。該課題已(yi)列入(ru)建設部研究(jiu)開發課題及(ji)國(guo)(guo)家科技(ji)部“九五”重點(dian)攻關課題。目前(qian)這項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)還(huan)處于剛(gang)剛(gang)起(qi)步(bu)階段(duan)。自1997年5月，國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中心(xin)已(yi)制作(zuo)了一(yi)些試件(jian)(jian)，分為20余(yu)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)況，取(qu)得(de)(de)了構(gou)件(jian)(jian)抗(kang)彎、抗(kang)剪和(he)(he)抗(kang)壓等(deng)(deng)一(yi)些有(you)(you)價值的(de)(de)實驗(yan)數據(ju)，進(jin)行(xing)了多項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)試點(dian)，相信碳纖維(wei)增強(qiang)材(cai)料(liao)在國(guo)(guo)內將有(you)(you)廣闊的(de)(de)發展前(qian)景。

　　目(mu)前國(guo)內的(de)PAN基(ji)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維強度(du)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)2000～3000Mpa 之間，彈性模量在(zai)(zai)2.1x105Mpa左右，其性能基(ji)本滿足加(jia)固(gu)(gu)要求，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)混凝土結構技(ji)(ji)術研(yan)究開發(fa)成(cheng)功后，將會給土木建筑領域加(jia)固(gu)(gu)改造(zao)技(ji)(ji)術帶(dai)來(lai)重大(da)變革，采(cai)用(yong)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)混凝土結構技(ji)(ji)術將比以往從傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術更(geng)(geng)優越、更(geng)(geng)有效(xiao)率和更(geng)(geng)方便經(jing)濟(ji)，可以解決(jue)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)方法不能解決(jue)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術問(wen)題(ti)，具有重大(da)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)和社會效(xiao)益(yi)。碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維加(jia)固(gu)(gu)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)混凝土結構技(ji)(ji)術研(yan)究開發(fa)成(cheng)功，將為碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維材料(liao)及(ji)其它高性能纖(xian)(xian)維材料(liao)應用(yong)于建筑業(ye)打(da)下深厚的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。